Demonstration of various anatomical position

Demonstration of anatomical positions is very important for beginners in the medical field whether the student is studying medicine, dentistry, physiotherapy, medical lab technology, optometry by writing this article it will be a good help to students they will find this topic more simplified and easy.

Aim:(a) Demonstration of various Anatomical Positions

Equipment Required: N.A

Materials Required: Model, Couch.

Learning objectives

A. To learn the basics of Anatomy

B. Acquire the Knowledge of the skeletal system of our body.

Outline of Procedures

A. Model/Patient should be comfortable

B. Examining part to be exposed enough to see and palpate the structures

C. Identification of various parts of Body

D. Identification of various positions

Required Result: Parameters- The student will be able to elucidate the clinical findings.

Relationships to be determined - NA

Graphs/Plots-NA

Error Analysis-NA

Caution (if any): Bones and Models should be handled carefully.

Learning outcomes:

Anatomical Position

The body is standing erect and facing forwards; the legs are together with the feet parallel so that the toes point forwards; the arms hang loosely by the sides with the palm of the hand facing forwards so that the thumb is lateral

Some Terminologies

Anterior: Anterior or (ventral) To the front or in front, e.g. the patella lies anterior to the knee joint.

Posterior (dorsal) : To the rear or behind, e.g. gluteus maximus lies posterior to the hip joint. (Ventral and dorsal are used more commonly in quadrupeds.)

Superior (cephalic): Above, e.g. the head is superior to the trunk.

Inferior (caudal):Below, e.g. the knee is inferior to the hip.

Cephalic (the head) Caudal (the foot) May be used in relation to the trunk.

Lateral: Away from the median plane or midline, e.g. the thumb lies lateral to the index finger.

Medial: Towards the median plane or midline, e.g. the index finger lies medial to the thumb

Distal: Further away from the trunk or root of the limb, e.g. the foot is distal to the knee.

Proximal: Closer to the trunk or root of the limb, e.g. the elbow is proximal to the hand.

Superficial: Closer to the surface of the body or skin, e.g. the ulnar nerve passes superficial to the flexor retinaculum of the wrist.

Deep: Further away from the body surface or skin, e.g. the tendon of tibialis posterior passes deep to the flexor retinaculum at the ankle.

 

Terminologies used for Side determination

Ipsilateral (Latin ipse; self/same): on the same side as another structure. For example left arm is ipsilateral to the left leg.

Contralateral (Latin contra; against): on the opposite from another structure. For example, the Left arm is contralateral to the right arm, or the right leg.

ANATOMICAL PLANES

Passing through the body from front to back and dividing it into two symmetrical right and left halves are the

At right angles to the sagittal plane is the

 AXES IN BODY

Types of axes: They are 3 types of axes.

Sagittal axis: It passes horizontally i.e. in an anterior-posterior direction. Movement at this axes occurs in a frontal plane.

 Frontal axes: It is horizontal from left to right. Movement about frontal axes occurs in a sagittal plane.

Vertical axes: It passes vertically from inferior to superior. Movement in this axis occurs in the transverse plane.          

Thanks and Regards

Dr.Jaishree Tiwari